Does anyone know if RoKSN (non-rebloomer) is dominant to akbp (climber)?
Nope not me , Unknown yellow started today - sending pollen Monday - only rose blooming in back north gardens.
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Thatâs a nice bright yellow, Riku.
Txs Joe, some of the tone is ânatural deep clearâ yellow, but it may benefit from being in a spot where it misses the direct morning and afternoon sun (shade trees). Receives late afternoon sun. I donât plan to use the pollen or cross it this year.
I havenât heard of akbp before. I tried to do a little searching, but am having a hard time finding resources for this gene. Would you share a link or more information about it? My assumption has been that the climbing sports of rebloomers are just a disruption of the RoKSN gene with the transposon likely excising out in one of the alleles and restoring its function. I saw some âNearly Wildâ roses that were a mix of rebloomers/one time bloomers at a local store last week (see picture). I wonât share who the grower source was, but this source has been selling the mix like this for some time. It is likely easier to take cuttings from the one time blooming version for their own root production or whomever they license to propagate cuttings for them before they grow them on as bareroot in their fields⊠In our local landscapes where people have planted âNearly Wildâ roses in recent years from this grower supply chain, it is sad to see the mix in mass plantings. It is clear that the blooms are the same when the one time bloomers do bloom in spring. This same nursery had done something similarly with âThe Fairyâ years ago and wholesale customers tried to get refunds or credits and from what I heard struggled to do soâŠ
David,
Another possibility is silencing/unsilencing of the transposon. That might account for some of the oddities that have been reported in the inheritance of rebloom. For instance, Semeniuk (1971) crossed a true-breeding reblooming Rosa wichuraiana with a true-breeding once-bloomer of the the same species. All the F1 were once-bloomers as expected. One plant was selfed, giving 121 once-bloomers and 37 rebloomers. That works out to 77 to 23, which is pretty close to the theoretical 75:25.
But when he backcrossed the F1 to a rebloomer, he got 517 non-recurrent and 443 rebloomers. Thatâs 54:46. We usually expect the numbers to get better in larger samples.
Then we have the real oddities.
How can âMme Norbert Levavasseurâ rebloom if it was really raised from Crimson Rambler pollinated by either Gloire des Polyantha or Polyantha Grandiflora? And how could Dr. Van Fleet have trouble getting rebloomers from Mme Norbert when he used pollen from other reblooming parents, but was successful using Mme Norbert pollen on other seed parents? I notice that some European breeders were more successful using Mme Norbert as seed parent.
I just remembered that âFlower of Fairfieldâ is a somewhat reblooming sport of Crimson Rambler, though reportedly less vigorous.
And whatâs up with Kim Rupert not getting reblooming offspring when he crosses Gloire des Rosomanes with Minis?
One of the Brownell roses switches from Copper Glow (once-blooming climber with some repeat) to Orange Everglow, which is less vigorous, but gives more bloom.
Some Hybrid Wichuraianas have a tendency to produce late blooms. I have pictures of François Foucard, my favorite, blooming from late April to early August.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/Rose_Pictures/F/francoisfoucard.html
The inheritance of transposons should be simple, but the expression of the transposon-related trait can be influenced by genetic context and environment. Cuenot (1905) and Castle & Little (1911) studied the inheritance of yellow coat-color in mice. Of course, they had never heard of transposons, so they struggled. C & L came up with very different numbers than Cuenot had. The big difference turned out to be diet. Foods rich in methyl donors increased silencing of the transposon.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/KKing/KingYellowMice2002.html
Carl Correns studied variegation in Four oâClocks (Mirabilis jalapa). Pink or yellow varieties crossed with white gave offspring with striped flowers. He found that the white form is a âsecretly stripedâ variety with only a few per cent expressing short, thin stripes. When the relevant transposon is dumped into a new genetic context, the silencing is released and the red stripes come out of hiding.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Heredity/SuzukiMirabilisTransposon.html
DeVries (1906) discussed his work with striped Snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus). He used a strain with red stripes on a yellow ground. Through repeated selection for a few generations, he produced one strain in which the great majority of plants bore solid red flowers. A second strain was selected for solid yellow flowers, but was not quite as successful. There were always a few, small red lines remaining. Both strains could be returned to the Florists Ideal of about half red and half yellow in a few generations.
A plant of the ordinary striped sort would occasionally produce a solid red flower. Seeds from this flower (self-pollinated) produced seedlings that had the same tendency to solid color that was found in the strain selected for red.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Heredity/Devries/DeVries_Striped.html
Webber (906) studied inheritance in a cross between the Black Mexican sweet corn (actually a gift from the Iroquois people of New England) and Stowells Evergreen (white corn).
In the pure Black Mexican: the silks are white or light green, the stamens light green, and the glumes light green, commonly, but occasionally with a few reddish, longitudinal stripes. In the pure Stowells Evergreen the silks range from dark reddish purple to light pink, the stamens are reddish purple and the glumes reddish purple or with marked purplish stripes. It will be noted that the combination of colors here, in comparison with the kernel color, is just the opposite from what would be expected, as the light amber-colored kernels of the Stowells Evergreen would rather be expected to be combined with greenish or light silks, stamens, glumes, etc., and vice versa. It is interesting to note that the cob is white in each case as red-cobbed sorts of sweet corn will not be tolerated in the market, and this character has been bred out of all sweet corn races.
When the mature ears of the fourth generation were harvested and carefully examined, it was found that a peculiar and inexplainable correlation of colors existed. The bluish black kernel color of the Black Mexican was found to be correlated with a green color of silks, glumes and stamens, while the light amber or white color of kernel of the Stowells Evergreen was apparently correlated with the red or purplish color of silks, stamens and glumes. Knowing this correlation, it was possible to examine any one of the 500 ears grown in the fourth generation and tell immediately the general color of the stamens, glumes and silks produced. If an ear had all of the kernels showing a trace of blue from the Black Mexican parent, as in ears 30 and 386, of Plate I, one could be sure that it was developed on a plant having light green silks, stamens and glumes. On the other hand if a portion of the kernels were pure amber or white-colored with no trace of blue as in ears 194 and 471 of Plate I, one could be equally certain that such ears were borne on plants having reddish or purplish silks and purplish stamens and glumes.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Heredity/WebberCorrelations1906/WebberCorrelations1906.html
Transposons may be active or suppressed.
In the Black Mexican sweet corn, the typical color is maintained only so long as the transposon is suppressed. Outcrossing results in variegated seeds and plants.
In Four oâClocks, the suppressed transposon prevent red stripes/sectors from being expressed. Outcrossing to pink or yellow specimens can unsilence the transposon.
DeVries demonstrated that striped snapdragons can be selected to produce strains that are almost pure yellow (suppressed transposon) or almost pure red (unsuppressed transposon).
Silencing of genes, including heterochromatization, is largely maintained or disrupted through the actions of interfering RNA (RNAi). Here are a few discussions of this matter.
Lippman: RNAi, Transposons (2003)
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Heredity/LippmanRNAiTransposon2003.html
Allshire: RNAi, Heterochromatin (2002)
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Heredity/AllshireRNAiHetero2002.html
Madlung & Comai: Stress and Gene Silencing (2004)
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Heredity/MadlungTransposons2004.html
And some more examples of research conducted well before the discovery of transposons that seem to have been waiting for just that.
Davenport: Heredity and Mendelâs Law (1907)
Some fowl have five toes instead of the normal four. When a four- and a five-toed fowl are crossed the offspring show no blend, they are either four-toed or five-toed, and neither character dominates. If the extra toe is well developed in the parents a large percentage of the offspring have an extra toe; if the extra toe is poorly developed in the parents a small percentage of the offspring have an extra toe. In this case we have a unit character â extra toe â but no dominance or recessiveness and no evidence of pure germ-cells. The result seems to depend on the relative potency of the four-toed and the five-toed tendency.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Heredity/Davenport.html
Prokofyeva-Belgovskaya: Heterochromatization as a change of chromosome cycle (1947)
B. Conditions of heterochromatization
(1) The percentage of heterochromatization
When a section is in the heterochromatic condition in some nuclei one can hardly find two nuclei in which it has the same degree of heterochromatization. Even two neighbouring nuclei may differ very sharply, the same section being euchromatic in one and completely heterochromatic in the other (Fig. 3).
(7) The influence of parental age on the state of the chromosome section
The condition varies with the age of the parents. Their ageing results in a progressive heterochromatization of the region 20ABC-1AB1 in their progeny. There is reason to believe that ageing causes a progressive heterochromatization of the nuclei of the parents, and that this process affects the condition of the most sensitive chromosome regions in the progeny. The dependence of these regionsâ state in the progeny upon their condition in parents is also evidenced by the influence of the direction of the cross, and has also been shown by Belgovsky and the author (unpublished) in their study of the relation between the frequency of minute rearrangements and the degree of heterochromatization of a chromosome region.
C. Significance of heterochromatization for character development
Heitz (1928, 1929, 1932, 1933a b, 1934) showed that heterochromatization of any chromosome section shortens its metabolic stage, since it passes through the whole cell cycle as a compact metaphasic body. This suggests that the greater the number of nuclei in which a chromosome section influencing the development of a character is heterochromatic, the more will development occur as if this section had been lost, i.e. the more strongly will a recessive character be expressed in a mosaic strain.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Heredity/prokofyeva/prokofyeva.html
Serra: A Cytophysiological Theory of the Gene, Gene Mutation and Position Effect (1949)
According to the hypothesis of an extension of heterochromatin over near-by relocated pieces, the euchromatic regions with the affected genes must show heterochromatization, that is a change of aspect towards heterochromatin. This change is, at least in principle, only one of aspect and not of nature, the euchromatic segment is more or less hindered from its normal functioning but its genes are not lost or mutated, since it is observed that reversion to the primitive location immediately brings about the loss of variegation and the position effect, that is a return to normal gene functioning. These cases of reversion are one of the best proofs against the hypotheses which assume that the genes, or their power of reduplication, are affected.
Conversely, according to the heterochromatization-euchromatization hypothesis it is to be expected that euchromatin also exerts an action, which may be called euchromatization, over adjacent heterochromatin, since it must hinder the heterochromatizationâFig 3. Euchromatic and heterochromatic regions exert, therefore, an interaction and the net result of the two contrary actions depends upon the âforceâ or potence of the two tendencies. Probably this relative potence depends upon the relative length of the two regions, their more or less pronounced heterochromatic nature and the point of the chromosome in which the relocation takes place. The influence of the relative length of the two regions, euchromatic and heterochromatic, which seems a simple postulate, may be obscured by the nature of the heterochromatic segment and other circumstances, for instance if it includes or not the nucleolar zone (Kaufmann 1943) which seems to be a strong heterochromatization factor. The influence of the other factor, the point where the relocation occurred, is yet more complicated since the true distribution of heterochromatic regions and of zones with heterochromatic tendency in Drosophila salivaries is not known with any degree of accuracy. The chromosome zones where nucleolus-like bodies with a nucleoplasmic aspect are seen must be taken as heterochromatic and the âbulbsâ are also probably to range in this category. The incertitudes about this second factor cause that the determination of the amount of heterochromatization to expect in each case be a question to be settled only by actual experiment. When the distribution of the regions with heterochromatization tendency is accurately known, a more or less approximative prevision of the amount of variegation will be possible.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Heredity/Serra/serra4.htm#A
Breese, et al. Somatic selection in perennial ryegrass (1965)
An experiment has shown that the rate of tillering (= asexual reproduction) in perennial ryegrass can be significantly altered by selection within clones. The response to this somatic selection depended on the age of the clone such that response was obtained in young clones raised from seedlings but not in clones with a long history of uninterrupted asexual propagation. The response was also dependent on the genotype of the clone and there was some evidence to suggest that the somatic lability of genotypes was predisposed by a history of adaptation to asexual propagation previous to the sexual cycle. The responses could be attributed to changes in the plasmon and were inferred to be potentially adaptive. The significance of these results in relation to sward dynamics is discussed.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Heredity/BreeseSelection1965/BreeseSelection1965.html
These examples may be supplemented by others from Rose growing. According to Moreau-Robert (1882), Commandant Beaurepaire began its life as a once-blooming rambler that grew as vigorously as a Banksiae. But with pruning, training, and whatever, the breeder persuaded it to bloom again. With further vegetative selection, the variety eventually became dependably reblooming.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/Rose_Pictures/C/CommandantBeaurepaire.html
Likewise, the original General Jacqueminot was a once bloomer, or a winter rebloomer, according to Georgia Torrey Drennan (1903, 1912).
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/breeding/DrennanHP1903.html
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/breeding/DrennanHP1912.html
But Reymond, who inherited the original specimen, selected and selected from the budwood until the variety rebloomed through the season like a Hybrid Tea.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/breeding/Nicolas_Reymond1937.html
Vegetative Selection in general fits the RNAi model much better than the ârandom mutationâ hypothesis.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/KKing/VegetativeSelection.html
And this RNAi model of gene silencing also supports the old and new idea that young plants, especially those that are at least âa little bit hybridizedâ make more accommodating parents for difficult crosses.
Oh, and need I mention that a âonce bloomingâ hybrid with fairly abundant late bloom (e.g. François Foucard) is a better bet for breeding rebloomers than another variety of similar ancestry that produces only a few late blooms (François Juranville, Paul NoĂ«l, Gardenia).
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/Rose_Pictures/F/francoisfoucard.html
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/Rose_Pictures/F/francoisjuranvil.html
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/Rose_Pictures/P/paulnoel.html
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/Rose_Pictures/G/gardenia.html
Yes David, Autocorrect I will search the correct (I think it is a retrotransposon).
Yes from what I understand. Rebloom is a caused by a 9 kbp retrotransposon in RoKSN but climbing rebloomers are, while also affected by RoKSN, but with an unrelated 1 kbp retrotransposon which is a leaky for a reduced floral production.
I will explain when I have time to get your advice.
âRosarium Uetersenâ is an interesting. I have used it on and off for about 13 years. When I used it with âRenaissanceâ it produced 100% trailing, non-repeat bloomers. It took 3 years for them to bloom, just like it would a rugosa. It also increased the bloom size over âRenaissanceâ, implying it probably retained some of the polygenetics for gigantism from Rosa rugosa. When I crossed it with Playboy, I got mostly repeat blooming and 100% trailing, with even greater gigantism in the blooms and foliage. Some had the petal size of âNeptuneâ, which I compared it with in my own garden. When I crossed my best selection of (âPlayboyâ x Rosarium Uetersenâ) onto a modern proprietary seedling, I got very odd results. Some were non-repeating and trailing, some were non-trailing and repeating, and some were mixed. While mixed trailing trait is expected, mixed repeat from a repeat x repeat is not.
So, yeah, there is something different in the repeat from rugosa roses and the repeat from china roses. One of the interesting things about this is that rugosa repeat allows for intense fragrance, but repeat in chinas⊠not so much.
âThe continuous-flowering phenotype is caused by a mutation in a TFL1-like flowering repressor gene (RoKSN). Two alleles leading to recurrent flowering have been described: one is due to the insertion of a copia transposable element71 and the other is due to a large rearrangement at the RoKSN locus, leading to the deletion of the gene5.â -âIn the name of the rose: a roadmap for rose research in the genome eraâ
I am unsure how rugosa repeat works. Most papers deal with chinensis and moderns. I recall one paper (I looked for it to quote it, but I already spent 20 minutes and I have things to do lol) stating that repeat from chinensis types has an inverse linked relationship to fragrance, meaning the more fragrance there is the lower the repeat value. Also meaning that this linked relationship has to be broken in order to have better fragrant roses. However, in rugosa roses this is obviously not the case. They are very fragrant and quite recurrent at the species level.
I have looked for more recent studies and have gone through many from Asia, but I can only read so many without going cross-eyed. Perhaps someone else can find an update, if there is one.
That is an interesting paper, but the authors neglected a couple of other types of late bloom.
Some climbers exhibit ârepeat bloomâ. After they bloom, another shoot may arise on the same branchlet (spur?) that produced the first. And another. And another. I once had a Paulâs Scarlet Climber that gave at least five flushes of bloom, each coming from the same branch. Apparently the floral initiation is in the branch, or maybe there are multiple buds waiting to be called up. It would do no good to cut back a cane, because Paulâs Scarlet Climber is a once-bloomer.
The other may be described as bloom as you go. The terminal bud goes on and on, never producing a bloom. Meanwhile, laterals spring up bearing one or more blooms. Stanwell Perpetual blooms like this, as do the tropical hibiscus.
I think because of commercial viability of known common traits. They talked a lot about using roses to understand other wood perennials in breeding and that this study was in part to understand the genome. In order to access lesser known qualities, they are making a paper trail to justify even exploring the genome first ($$$). To me personally, I am glad because studies on roses are not particularly common to begin with.
I tend to agree despite some older posts on these forums suggesting they are complimentary. Calocarpa (rug x china) has been a once bloomer for me, it may still be establishing itself but hasnât repeated even a single bloom after the first flush unlike every other rugosa and rugosa hybrid I have.
Looking at Dr Svedjaâs early rugosa x china hybrids
We have grown 3562 seedlings from combinations of rugosa and chinensis cultivars between 1962 and 1970. The hybrids survive the winter at Ottawa without coverage, but they are not as hardy as the rugosa parents. Only 28% of the flowering hybrid seedlings flowered continuously.
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/breeding/SvejdaRugosas1976.html
It should be noted in another article not all the seedlings flowered (seems to be 2047 flowered)
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/breeding/SvejdaRugChin1974.html
Seems something between the two types doesnât always line up well.
Calocarpa was raised from a Russian rugosa.
Prof. Budd (1906) made an interesting comment on his experiences:
âThe work of crossing the Russian R. rugosa began at the Iowa Agricultural College in June, 1892. The pollen of over a dozen of the best garden varieties was used, but that of General Jacqueminot was used most extensively, as it produces pollen most freely. The final result was quite unexpected, as no double variety with rugose leaves was produced when the pollen of any variety was used except that of General Jacqueminot. From 497 flowers of R. rugosa fertilized with pollen from General Jacqueminot, we grew 255 plants. From these we were able to select over 20 varieties with double flowers ranging in number of petals from 15 to 150, with handsome rugosa foliage and surprising vigor of growth. Nearly all showed the crimson color of petals of the male parent.â
http://bulbnrose.x10.mx/Roses/breeding/Budd1906/Budd1906.html
How does that even work? Gen Jack is not very double, but it was most successful in Iowa, as well as in Europe. I wonder whether its parent (or grandparent), âGloire des Rosomanesâ would be as successful.
One objection to these crosses with Gen. Jacqueminot is that the seedlings did not go dormant as early as the âpureâ rugosas.
Calocarpa was a single rugosa species x loosely double china (Bengal Rose), if it is the same Bengal Rose we know now.
The roses that confuse me are like âGlenn Daleâ, but we also know that there are different ways for petal gain, and this seems most evident in some synstylae types. Canina seems to have had a similar effect (Alba Maxima, ie), but canina is a very diverse species within itself so that is hard to say. I think a study touched on this somewhere, but I would have to spend more time that Iâd like locating it at midnight lol.
re: not blooming at all. I have had this happen on many occasions. Its enough to not want to work with rugosas at all. Not only are they very prone to exceeding expectations for hybrid vigor, theyâre already big roses, are often infertile in hybrids, can take several years to start rebloom, and they tear up the hands, lol.
I decided to try the alternate routes using mixed species, but I didnât get too far. Therese Bugnet is not very fertile either way, and my Ann Endt x Ann Endt is at a farm far away so I keep forgetting to use it. Another barrier is that while Rosa rugosa kin tend to fend back diseases like downy when they are rugosa, subsequent hybrids tend to show deficiencies in species, such as downy. That is a very unwelcome surprise considering the time commitment required for once-bloomers to get going.
I am now trying White Roadrunner and Lottyâs Love. The former is a compact semi-dwarf hybrid, that I am guessing gets its amazing internode spacing from Rosa nitida. The latter is a purple miniflora. One of the benefits of rugosa is that is one of the very few species that carries gigantism in the blooms, so while gigantism is a polygenic trait in whole or part, it sometimes shows up when miniatures are also used. However, I am not sure if the miniature alleles were not lost altogether and Lottyâs Love is simply a very dense semi-dwarf rugosa. Robert Byrnes has also been using close rugosa derivatives like Raspberry Rugostar. Itâs not really an easy road to travel, especially when land is getting more expensive and space limited. Yet the fact remains that its one of the few sources of cold hardiness, gigantism in species, and some unusual resistances.
Karl, have you ever seen or found a breeding paper article - written and published, in first person by Robert Simonet (Edmonton Alberta)? ⊠lots of second, third and handwritten but was interested in 1st person published. Checked alphabetically but did not recognize any in archives or missed it - seen Skinner discussing.
As Iâm reading about Rugosas, Iâm wondering if anyone has tried crossing it with R. blanda. Theyâre both diploid, and that might mean getting repeat bloom in the F2. And maybe itâll also cut back on the prickles.
Not really related, but just popped into my head.
~Christopher
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Eg close but no cigar, by my reading, maybe an Hp in there
George Will x Betty Bland be gat Betty Will
Grow them but not enough mileage on george to comment, except strong rugosa looks, both betty âs once bloomers in my garden
Paul Guerts E2506 sort of fits that
Based on posts he made back in 2015/2016 on these forums that was the only one that repeated, he did go on to breed it with others rugosa and rugosa hybrids (like schneezwerg and metis) but no info on those results.
I guess he was too busy with his diverse breeding projects to do much writing. All Iâve found are discussions of his work, written by others. For instance:
Western Canadian Society for Horticulture - 1972 p 90
Mt. Robert Simonet of Edmonton reported progress in breeding and selection in the following genera - Aster, Heuchera, Lilium, Lonicera, Lythrum, Rosa and Viburnum; also on his intergeneric hybrids Sorbus x Amelanchier and Malus x Amelanchier. In perennial asters, Mr. Simonet collected specimens with good growth and flower characteristics from the wild and combined these with some of âŠ
Comptes rendus de la Société génétique du Canada 1956
Recent Productions in Rose BreedingâRobert Simonet. A number of new hybrid roses were displayed that are hardy in northern Alberta and have improved flower types and colours.
(I donât know if this is an article, or just a notice. I only get snippets.)